#4
MMassimo15 settembre 2004 · 10:48
Ciao a tutti,
Enzo, chiamare i piegamenti "flessioni" o viceversa è solo un arbitrio linguistico, non te ne crucciare. Sullo stretching a freddo IMO hai pienamente ragione.
Bifone, complimenti per la chiarezza con cui esponi i concetti, e per la voglia di conferme scientifiche. Le fonti che ti consiglio sono:
1. Best TM: Muscle-tendon injuries in young athletes. Clin Sports Med 1995;14(3):669-686
2. Garrett WE Jr: Muscle strain injuries: clinical and basic aspects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22(4):436-443
3. Safran MR, Seaber AV, Garrett WE Jr: Warm-up and muscular injury prevention: an update. Sports Med 1989;8(4):239-249
4. Shellock FG, Prentice WE: Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports-related injuries. Sports Med 1985;2(4):267-278
5. Beaulieu JE: Developing a stretching program. Phys Sportsmed 1981;9(11):59-65
6. Stamford B: Flexibility and stretching. Phys Sportsmed 1984;12(2):171
7. Pope RP, Herbert RD, Kirwan JD, et al: A randomized trial of preexercise stretching for prevention of lower-limb injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32(2):271-277
8. Shrier I: Stretching before exercise does not reduce the risk of local muscle injury: a critical review of the clinical and basic science literature. Clin J Sport Med 1999;9(4):221-227
9. Alway SE: Force and contractile characteristics after stretch overload in quail anterior latissimus dorsi muscle. J Appl Physiol 1994:77(1):135-141
10. Leterme D, Cordonnier C, Mounier Y, et al: Influence of chronic stretching upon rat soleus muscle during non-weight-bearing conditions. Pflügers Arch 1994;429(2):274-279
11. Goldspink DF, Cox VM, Smith SK, et al: Muscle growth in response to mechanical stimuli. Am J Physiol 1995;268(2 pt 1):E288-E297
12. Yang H, Alnaqeeb M, Simpson H, et al: Changes in muscle fibre type, muscle mass and IGF-I gene expression in rabbit skeletal muscle subjected to stretch. J Anat 1997;190(pt 4):613-622
13. Hartig DE, Henderson JM: Increasing hamstring flexibility decreases lower extremity overuse injuries in military basic trainees. Am J Sports Med 1999;27(2):173-176
14. Hilyer JC, Brown KC, Sirles AT, et al: A flexibility intervention to reduce the incidence and severity of joint injuries among municipal firefighters. J Occup Med 1990;32(7):631-637
15. Halbertsma JP, Mulder I, Goeken LN, et al: Repeated passive stretching: acute effect on the passive muscle moment and extensibility of short hamstrings. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80(4):407-414
16. Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, et al: Mechanical and physical responses to stretching with and without preisometric contraction in human skeletal muscle. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(4):373-378
17. Halbertsma JP, van Bolhuis AI, Goeken LN: Sport stretching: effect on passive muscle stiffness of short hamstrings. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):688-692
18. Stark SD: Stretching techniques, in The Stark Reality of Stretching. Richmond, BC: Stark Reality Publishing, 1997, pp 73-80
19. Bandy WD, Irion JM: The effect of time on static stretch on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther 1994:74(9):845-852
20. Bohannon RW: Effect of repeated eight-minute muscle loading on the angle of straight-leg raising. Phys Ther 1984;64(4):491-497
21. Anderson B, Burke E: Scientific, medical, and practical aspects of stretching. Clin Sports Med 1991;10(1):63-86
22. Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M: The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther 1997;77(10):1090-1096
23. Zito M, Driver D, Parker C, et al: Lasting effects of one bout of two 15-second passive stretches on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1997;26(4):214-221
24. Madding SW, Wong JG, Hallum A, et al: Effect of duration of passive stretch on hip abduction range of motion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1987;8:409-416
25. Wessling KC, DeVane DA, Hylton CR: Effects of static stretch versus static stretch and ultrasound combined on triceps surae muscle extensibility in healthy women. Phys Ther 1987;67(5):674-679
26. Cornelius WL, Ebrahim K, Watson J, et al: The effects of cold application and modified PNF stretching techniques on hip joint flexibility in college males. Res Q Exerc Sport 1992;63(3):311-314
27. Henricson AS, Fredriksson K, Persson I, et al: The effect of heat and stretching on the range of hip motion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984:110-115
28. Williford HN, East JB, Smith FH, et al: Evaluation of warm-up for improvement in flexibility. Am J Sports Med 1986;14(4):316-319
29. Brodowicz GR, Welsch R, Wallis J: Comparison of stretching with ice, stretching with heat, or stretching alone on hamstring flexibility. J Ath Training 1996;31:324-327
30. Lentell G, Hetherington T, Eagan J, et al: The use of thermal agents to influence the effectiveness of a low-load prolonged stretch. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1992;16:200-207
31. Tardieu C, Lespargot A, Tabary C, et al: For how long must the soleus muscle be stretched each day to prevent contracture? Dev Med Child Neurol 1988;30(1):3-10
32. Kottke FJ, Pauley DL, Ptak RA: The rationale for prolonged stretching for correction of shortening of connective tissue. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1966;47(6):345-352
33. Caro CG, Pedley TJ, Schroter RC, et al: The Mechanics of the Circulation. New York City, Oxford University Press, 1978
34. Taylor DC, Dalton JD Jr, Seaber AV, et al: Viscoelastic properties of muscle-tendon units: the biomechanical effects of stretching. Am J Sports Med 1990;18(3):300-309
35. Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, et al: Biomechanial responses to repeated stretches in human hamstring muscle in vivo. Am J Sports Med 1996;24(5):622-628
36. Borms J, Van Roy P, Santens JP, et al: Optimal duration of static stretching exercises for improvement of coxo-femoral flexibility. J Sports Sci 1987;5(1):39-47
37. Taylor DC, Brooks DE, Ryan JB: Viscoelastic characteristics of muscle: passive stretching versus muscular contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29(12):1619-1624
38. Taylor BF, Waring CA, Brashear TA: The effects of therapeutic application of heat or cold followed by static stretch on hamstring muscle length. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1995;21(5):283-286
39. Warren CG, Lehmann JF, Koblanski JN: Heat and stretch procedures: an evaluation using rat tail tendon. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1976;57(3):122-126
40. Strickler T, Malone T, Garrett WE: The effects of passive warming on muscle injury. Am J Sports Med 1990;18(2):141-145
41. Noonan TJ, Best TM, Seaber AV, et al: Thermal effects on skeletal muscle tensile behavior. Am J Sports Med 1993;21(4):517-522
42. McNair PJ, Stanley SN: Effect of passive stretching and jogging on the series elastic muscle stiffness and range of motion of the ankle joint. Br J Sports Med 1996;30(4):313-318
43. Magnusson SP, Aagaard P, Larsson B, et al: Passive energy absorption by human muscle-tendon unit is unaffected by increase in intramuscular temperature. J Appl Physiol 2000;88(4):1215-1220
44. Wiktorsson-Möller M, Öberg BA, Ekstrand J, et al: Effects of warming up, massage, and stretching on range of motion and muscle strength in the lower extremity. Am J Sports Med 1983;11(4):249-252
45. Hubley CL, Kozey JW, Stanish WD: The effects of static stretching exercises and stationary cycling on range of motion at the hip joint. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984:104-109
46. Safran MR, Garrett WE Jr, Seaber AV, et al: The role of warmup in muscular injury prevention. Am J Sports Med 1988;16(2):123-129
47. Ekstrand J, Gillquist J, Liljedahl SO: Prevention of soccer injuries: supervision by doctor and physiotherapist. Am J Sports Med 1983;11(3):116-120
48. Ekstrand J, Gillquist J, Moller M, et al: Incidence of soccer injuries and their relation to training and team success. Am J Sports Med 1983;11(2):63-67
49. Bixler B, Jones RL: High-school football injuries: effects of a post-halftime warm-up and stretching routine. Fam Pract Res J 1992;12(2):131-139
50. Etnyre BR, Lee EJ: Chronic and acute flexibility of men and women using three different stretching techniques. Res Q 1988;59:222-228
51. Wallin D, Ekblom B, Grahn R, et al: Improvement of muscle flexibility: a comparison between two techniques. Am J Sports Med 1985;13(4):263-268
52. Tanigawa MC: Comparison of the hold-relax procedure and passive mobilization on increasing muscle length. Phys Ther 1972;52(7):725-735
53. Sady SP, Wortman M, Blanke D: Flexibility training: ballistic, static or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1982;63(6):261-263
54. Etnyre BR, Abraham LD: Gains in range of ankle dorsiflexion using three popular stretching techniques. Am J Phys Med 1986;65(4):189-196
55. Osternig LR, Robertson RN, Troxel RK, et al: Differential responses to proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretch techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22(1):106-111
56. Osternig LR, Robertson R, Troxel R, et al: Muscle activation during proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching techniques. Am J Phys Med 1987;66(5):298-307
57. Lucas RC, Koslow R: Comparative study of static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching techniques on flexibility. Percept Mot Skills 1984;58(2):615-618
58. Worrell TW, Smith TL, Winegardner J: Effect of hamstring stretching on hamstring muscle performance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1994;20(3):154-159
59. Sullivan MK, Dejulia JJ, Worrell TW: Effect of pelvic position and stretching method on hamstring muscle flexibility. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24(12):1383-1389
60. Markos PD: Ipsilateral and contralateral effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques on hip motion and electromyographic activity. Phys Ther 1979;59(11):1366-1373
61. Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M: The effect of static stretch and dynamic range of motion training on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1998;27(4):295-300
62. de Vries HA: Evaluation of static stretching procedures for improvement of flexibility. Res Q 1962;32:222-229
63. Starring DT, Gossman MR, Nicholson GG Jr, et al: Comparison of cyclic and sustained passive stretching using a mechanical device to increase resting length of hamstring muscles. Phys Ther 1988;68(3):314-320
1. Stark SD: Stretching techniques, in The Stark Reality of Stretching. Richmond, BC: Stark Reality Publishing, 1997, pp 73-80
2. Newham DJ, McPhail G, Mills KR, et al: Ultrastructural changes after concentric and eccentric contractions of human muscle. J Neurol Sci 1983;61(1):109-122
3. Hunter KD, Faulkner JA: Pliometric contraction-induced injury of mouse skeletal muscle: effect of initial length. J Appl Physiol 1997;82(1):278-283
4. Markos PD: Ipsilateral and contralateral effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques on hip motion and electromyographic activity. Phys Ther 1979;59(11):1366-1373
5. Moore MA, Hutton RS: Electromyographic investigation of muscle stretching techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980;12(5):322-329
6. Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, et al: Mechanical and physical responses to stretching with and without preisometric contraction in human skeletal muscle. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(4):373-378
7. Osternig LR, Robertson R, Troxel R, et al: Muscle activation during proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching techniques. Am J Phys Med 1987;66(5):298-307
Ove, come al solito, si può interpretare....
Ciao